Written Exam

Rule Markup Languages; 26 July 2002

Harold Boley; DFKI, Univ. Kaiserslautern

Family Name     First Name      Matriculation Number     Signature

a) Are the following lines well-formed XML markups (write "yes" or "no" directly behind them)?

<xml> 1 0 1 </lmx>
<xm> a b </xm>
<a> a b c </a>
<a> <a> 1 2 3 </a> b c </a>
<a> 1 > 0 < 1 </a>
<a n="a b c"> c b c </a>
<a id="x"> </b idref="x"> </a>
<xsl:template match="address"> </xsl:template>
<xsl:template name="factorial"> proceed </xsl:template>
<!ELEMENT a (b, c)>

b) This is a DTD for simple (almost natural-language) 'forward' rules and facts:

<!ELEMENT forward    ((rule | fact)*)>
<!ELEMENT rule       (if, then)>
<!ELEMENT fact       (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT if         (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT then       (#PCDATA)>

Are the following XML elements valid with respect to this DTD (write "yes" or "no" behind them)?

<forward> </forward>

<forward> the weather </forward>

<forward> <fakt> it snows </fakt> </forward>

<forward> <rule> if it rains then the road gets wet </rule> </forward>

<forward>
  <rule>
    <if> it rains </if> <then> the road gets wet </then>
  </rule>
</forward>

<forward>
  <fact> it rains </fact>
  <rule>
    <if> it rains </if>
    <then> the road gets wet </then>
  </rule>
</forward>

c) Consider these XML elements for 'forward' (p => c) and 'backward' (c <= p) rules:

<forward> <rule> <if> p </if> <then> c </then> </rule> </forward>
<backward> <rule> <conc> c </conc> <prem> p </prem> </rule> </backward>

Inductively complete this XML DTD (write into the "..." lines) for 'backward' rules and facts:

<!ELEMENT backward    (................)>
<!ELEMENT rule        (................)>
<!ELEMENT ........    (................)>
<!ELEMENT ........    (................)>
<!ELEMENT ........    (................)>

d) Complete the following XSLT template - by just filling in the "..." versions - for the (XML-to-XML) transformation of 'forward' rules and facts into 'backward' rules and facts:

  <xsl:template match="forward">
    <........>
      <xsl:apply-templates/>
    </........>
  </xsl:template>

  <xsl:template match="rule">
    <....>
      <....><xsl:value-of select="...."/></....>
      .   .   .
    </....>
  </xsl:template>

  <xsl:template match="fact">
    <....>
      .   .   .
    </....>
  </xsl:template>

Could this transformation be 'inverted' - mapping 'backward' rules and facts into 'forward' rules and facts - without information loss (write in "yes" or "no" here)?

e) This is a RuleML serialization of the implication rule "if it rains then the road gets wet":

<imp>
  <_head>
    <atom>
      <_opr><rel>gets wet</rel></_opr>
      <ind>road</ind>
    </atom>
  </_head>
  <_body>
    <atom>
      <_opr><rel>rains</rel></_opr>
    </atom>
  </_body>
</imp>

Draw a tree version for it, using role-labeled arcs where possible (put it next to the serialization).
Would its meaning change with the order of the _head and _body roles ("yes" or "no" here)?
Construct a corresponding RuleML serialization and tree for the fact "it rains" (below):